Php 5 3 8 For Readynas X86 Assembly Language
Posted By admin On 20.12.19Does anyone have any resources for learning assembly language on x86? I'm trying to debug a program in MSVC++6 and frequently come across assembly (like stepping into memcpy).
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I decided to learn assembly language because I came to know that learning it has many benefits, we can directly interact with the hardware, we can learn how computers better, and much more. When I started to learn it first, I came to know that it was a little bit weird and not like other programming languages so I thought that maybe I will find it hard to learn. So, I'm just asking what are the basic prerequisites for learning assembly language. For information, I have already learnt programming languages like C, C++, C#, PHP.
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5 Answers
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You have to tell us what machine's assembly you want to learn. ARM, x86(_64), Sparc, etc are all different ISAs.
If you just want an introduction to the world of assembly programming in general, Randal Hyde's Art of Assembly is a good one (although what you write isn't exactly assembly, but more of a mix between high and low level languages, it will introduce you to the concept nicely).
If you have set your sights on x86, I can recommend this book: Professional Assembly Language. Apart from that book, sandpile.org is a great resource.
For x86, the choice of environment also matters. Here is a great tutorial for windows assembly programming by the University of Illinois Urbana Champaign ACM student chapter - SIGWINDOWS. For Unix, a great tutorial I have met is this one. A great, more general resource is Reverse Engineering for Beginners by Dennis Yurichev. This book, is targeted at both windows and unix environments, and although it concerns reverse engineering, it can help you learn a great deal about the machinations of programs running on your computer.
For ARM, this article serves as a great introduction. This article is also another great introduction to the matter
I started programming in assembly about two months ago and so far it's gone very well. Let me give a little summary of what I have learned so far.
Syntax
There are two major syntax's for x86 assembly: Intel and AT&T. There are pros and cons to each one. The Intel syntax seems to be only used for x86 based processors whereas the AT&T syntax is used for several different architectures (e.g. ARM). If you look at the source code for OpenBLAS you will see that they use the AT&T syntax for several different architectures. However, many people think the Intel syntax is more readable. So far I have I been programming using the Intel syntax but I know how to read the AT&T syntax to the most part.
Assemblers
You could use inline assembly with GCC but not with MSVC 64-bit. I have not bothered with inline assembly so far. There are several assemblers you can choose from such as: MASM, NASM, YASM, FASM, and GAS. MASM uses only the Intel syntax and is only really used for Windows as far as I understand (I don't think it can be ELF object files for Linux). NASM also uses only the Intel syntax but can create several different object files e.g. for Windows and Linux. YASM as far as I can tell is NASM to the most part but also supports AT&T syntax. FASM uses the Intel syntax and can create several different object files as well but it diverges in several ways from NASM and YASM. I have not used FASM yet but it looks enticing. GAS uses the AT&T syntax (though it's possible to use the Intel syntax ) and is actually what is used when you compile with GCC. GCC produces assembly which is sent to GAS.
It's important to understand that each assembler has it's only dialect so you can't expect code written in MASM to necessarily assemble out of the box in NASM. NASM and YASM to the most part are compatible though as far as I understand.
Which assembler should you choose? I have only used NASM so far.
Calling Conventions and linking with C
The best source for learning assembly for me so far has been GCC. Write code in C and then look at the assembly. For example if you have a simple function foo you can do
then look at the file foo.s or you can use objdump
You should know the function calling conventions of your OS. The calling conventions are different for 32-bit code and 64-bit code. For Windows and Linux they are the same for 32-bit code but different for 64-bit code. So far I have only written assembly code with NASM for Linux 64-bit.
Many of the assembly questions on SO seem to be about writing entire functions in assembly including user input and output. I don't think this is necessary. Let C take care of the input and output. You can see an example of this an this question. I gave the NASM code and C code and explained how to assembly, compile, and link them. This was one of the first things I wrote in x86 assembly. In that question I had a function
The Linux x86-64 (or rather the System V AMD64 ABI) calling conventions pass the first parameter in the rdi register, the second in rsi and the third it rdx. So in this case rdi=x, rsi=y, rdx=n.
Once you get the calling conventions down and can interface your object files from assembly with C you will find working with assembly a lot easier.
Lastly the second best source for learning assembly for me has been Agner Fog's Optimizing Assembly manual. There is a lot of good advice in the first part of the manual for beginners. And once you get some experience the later part of manual has lots of good information.
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a computer, an assembler, a book describing the assembly language in question. since you know C, some C compilers even allow you to write assembly in between the C.
You don't really need any prerequisites if you pick right book.
I learned assembly language (basics, just not need more) as my first programming language myself (without any tutor) with Assembly Language Step-by-Step: Programming with Linux 3rd Edition. It teaches basics, but after reading this book you can read without any problem any other advanced assembly books.
vasili111vasili111Assembly is unlike any of those higher-level languages that you have already learned.
A good place to start would be x86 Registers, here's a site I found explaining them:
Good luck!
EDIT:
Also it's always good to start and stick with a certain assembly language, for example I started with NASM, which has a pretty decent sized community and has some cool features like symbol management, and namespaces.
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does anyone have any resources for learning assembly language on x86? I'm trying to debug a program in MSVC++6 and frequently come across assembly (like stepping into memcpy). Previously I just ignored these but memcpy keeps throwing exceptions and I need to find out why.
Any help would be appreciated :)
EDIT:Wow, lots of great resources. I wish I could mark everything as accepted answer :P
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HINT: combine anyone? :P
New edit: I just looked through the answers, and these seemed the best:
Aseraphim's post specific to intel x86
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jkchong's post for a more introductory text
Greg Hewgillclosed as off-topic by Bill the LizardDec 2 '14 at 13:11
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5 Answers
If you just need to understand what each instruction does, the reference manual for the IA-32 (x86) & IA64 instruction sets are located here.
jmqOnline resources:
Dunteman's 'Assembly Language Step by Step' is a pretty good starting point for x86 assembly.
I'm sure there are good tutorial sites on the Net, but I'm not familiar with them.
Michael BurrMichael BurrWe used Microcomputer Experimentation with the IBM PC and Assembly Language Step-By-Step when I took it in school (back in the 1900s). Both are pretty good introductory books.
Bill the LizardBill the LizardThere are also two great communities about x86 assembly programming on Windows:
If you are specifically interested in Visual Studio and the MS assembler (masm), you'll want to look into masmforum.com.